| 1934: Hitler "elected" chancellor and
Führer | Le Corbusier: Palace of Sovjets in Moscow | Tadeus Reichstein
synthesizes vitamin C | First passenger car with diesel engine | Long dresses
in Germany |
| Deutsch |
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Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Gustav Jung |
| After his mother's suicide in 1927 and his brief
marriage to the Berlin dancer Käthe Deppner which was divorced at the end
of 1930, Wolfgang Pauli fell into a deep, personal crisis. On his father's
advice, he consulted the famous psychologist Carl Gustav
Jung. The latter arranged for an analysis by his assistant Erna Rosenbaum.
A female analyst seemed advisable to Jung as he suspected Pauli's fundamental
problem in his relations with women. After the analysis by Erna Rosenbaum
followed a two-year phase in which Pauli consulted Jung in person. At the end
of October 1934, Pauli broke off his consultations with Jung. |
C.G. Jung, 1956
© ETH-Library |
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| In addition to the term "complex", Jung
also coined those of the "collective unconscious"and the "archetype". Jung
differentiates between the individual and the collective unconscious. He
regards the former as being acquired through personal experience and the
suppression of the same, the latter, however, as being inherited through the
brain structure. Specific contents of the collective subconscious were, he
considered, archetypal images, such as the "Great mother", the "Serpent" or the
"Shadow". On his ethnological expeditions, Jung had observed that these images
occur in all cultures and must therefore be anchored in the human brain. The
observation of archetypes in dreams was an important integral part of his
Analytical Psychology, the objective of which he saw in "Individuation" in
which the collective and the subjective unconscious are integrated into a
"self" transcending the "ego". Jung's psychology cannot deny his religious
origin either. He regarded the suppression of religion by reason and the loss
of the spiritual centre resulting from this as the cause of loneliness and
neuroses. The unconscious was also a religious phenomenon for him as it is
inaccessible to reason. Furthermore, Jung created a psychological typology.
Every human being is either oriented towards the outside world (extroverted) or
concentrated on him- or herself (introverted). In addition, according to Jung
there are four psychic functions (perception, thinking, feeling, intuition) one
of which can be allotted to every human being leading to eight variants. |
He published his ideas in numerous
writings. His main works include
- Psychological Types(1921)
- The Relations between the Ego and the Unconscious(1928)
- Psychological Problems of the Present(1931)
- Reality of the Soul (1934)
- On the Psychology of the Unconscious(1943)
- Psychology of Religion(1949)
- Symbolism of the Mind(1948)
- Creations of the Unconscious(1950)
- Aion, Studies on the History of Symbols(1951)
- On Synchronicity(1952)
- Response to Job(1952)
- Explanation of Nature and Psyche(1952)
- On the Roots of Consciousness, Studies on the
Archetype(1954)
- Mysterium Coniunctionis(1955).
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Marriage with Franca Bertram |
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| If a marriage had marked the beginning of Pauli's
life crisis, it was with the help of a this time lasting association that he
found his way out of it again. In April 1934 he married Franca Bertram.
Wolfgang and Franca Pauli remained together in childless marriage for all their
lives. |
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Franca and Wolfgang Pauli
© CERN, Geneva
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The end of the therapy did not at all mean the
breaking-off of the relationship between Pauli and Jung. Only now did they
begin a lively correspondence in which they linked together physics and
psychology and looked for common bases. The correspondence of the two eminent
authorities in their respective specialist fields was conducted at an
exceptionally high level. The occupation with physics led Jung, starting out
from Einstein's theory of relativity, to such important terms as that of
"synchronicity". Pauli on the other hand made important findings on theoretical
scientific questions from his occupation with Jung's psychology, especially in
questions of symmetry and complementarity.
In 1957, Pauli's direct contact with Jung ceased
– perhaps out of consideration for Jung's great age. Jung then survived
Pauli by about 2 1/2 years.
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